Main Article Content
Abstract
This study examines inconsistencies in determining child age standards across Indonesian legal regulations, particularly within Marriage Law, Criminal Law, Labor Law, and Electoral Administration Law. Differences in the definition and age limits of children have created juridical challenges affecting child protection and the implementation of national policies. This research employs a normative legal method with a comparative legal analysis approach. The analysis focuses on legal provisions governing child age limits and their implications for the national legal system, while also considering relevant principles of child rights protection and international legal standards. The findings reveal significant disparities among the four legal frameworks. Marriage Law establishes a minimum marriage age that differs from the concept of legal maturity in Criminal Law. Likewise, Labor Law and Electoral Administration Law apply distinct age criteria concerning employment and political participation. These inconsistencies generate legal uncertainty, regulatory overlap, and potential risks to the best interests of children. The study concludes that harmonization of child age standards is necessary to ensure legal certainty and effective child protection. It recommends revising related legislation or establishing a comprehensive legal framework that standardizes child age criteria while aligning national regulations with international principles concerning children's rights..
[Penelitian ini mengkaji ketidakkonsistenan dalam penetapan standar usia anak di berbagai peraturan perundang-undangan di Indonesia, khususnya dalam Hukum Perkawinan, Hukum Pidana, Hukum Ketenagakerjaan, dan Hukum Penyelenggaraan Pemilu. Perbedaan definisi dan batas usia anak telah menimbulkan tantangan yuridis yang memengaruhi perlindungan anak serta pelaksanaan kebijakan nasional. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode hukum normatif dengan pendekatan analisis hukum komparatif. Analisis difokuskan pada ketentuan hukum yang mengatur batas usia anak beserta implikasinya terhadap sistem hukum nasional, dengan tetap mempertimbangkan prinsip-prinsip perlindungan hak anak dan standar hukum internasional yang relevan. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan adanya perbedaan yang signifikan di antara keempat kerangka hukum tersebut. Hukum Perkawinan menetapkan batas usia minimum perkawinan yang berbeda dengan konsep kedewasaan hukum dalam Hukum Pidana. Demikian pula, Hukum Ketenagakerjaan dan Hukum Penyelenggaraan Pemilu menerapkan kriteria usia yang berbeda terkait dengan kesempatan bekerja dan partisipasi politik. Ketidakkonsistenan tersebut menimbulkan ketidakpastian hukum, tumpang tindih pengaturan, serta potensi risiko terhadap pemenuhan kepentingan terbaik bagi anak. Penelitian ini menyimpulkan bahwa harmonisasi standar usia anak diperlukan untuk menjamin kepastian hukum dan efektivitas perlindungan anak. Oleh karena itu, penelitian ini merekomendasikan revisi terhadap peraturan perundang-undangan terkait atau pembentukan kerangka hukum yang komprehensif guna menyeragamkan kriteria usia anak, sekaligus menyelaraskan regulasi nasional dengan prinsip-prinsip internasional mengenai hak-hak anak.]
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References
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- Abdussalam, H. R., & Desasfuryanto, A. (2021). Hukum perlindungan anak. PTIK Press.
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- Anwar, C. (2023). Child protection laws in Southeast Asia: A comparative study. In Proceedings of the ASEAN Law Conference 2023 (pp. 156–169). ASEAN Legal Studies Institute.
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- Asikin, Z., & Mahendra, W. P. (2023). Pengantar hukum perburuhan (5th ed.). RajaGrafindo Persada.
- Asshiddiqie, J. (2023). Konstitusi dan harmonisasi hukum nasional dalam era reformasi. Jurnal Konstitusi, 20(2), 187–208.
- Breen, C. (2023). Age of criminal responsibility and child justice reform: A comparative analysis. Youth Justice, 23(2), 156–174.
- Budiman, A. (2024). Implementation of children's rights in Indonesian legal system. In Proceedings of the International Symposium on Human Rights (pp. 345–358). UGM Press.
- Dewi, R. (2023). Gender perspectives in child marriage laws: Indonesian experience. In Proceedings of the International Conference on Gender and Law (pp. 189–202). Universitas Udayana Press.
- Djamil, M. N. (2020). Anak bukan untuk dihukum: Catatan pembahasan UU sistem peradilan pidana anak (2nd ed.). Sinar Grafika.
- Effendi, M. (2024). Harmonisasi hukum perlindungan anak di Indonesia: Urgensi unifikasi standar umur. Jurnal Hukum dan Keadilan, 11(4), 345–368.
- Fauzi, A. (2024). Criminal justice system for children: Indonesian reform and international standards. In Proceedings of the Asia-Pacific Conference on Criminal Justice (pp. 267–280). Chulalongkorn University Press.
- Freeman, M. (2023). The sociology of childhood and children's rights. Children & Society, 37(3), 445–462.
- Gultom, M. (2021). Perlindungan hukum terhadap anak dalam sistem peradilan pidana anak di Indonesia (Rev. ed.). Refika Aditama.
- Gultom, M. (2024). Reformasi hukum anak Indonesia: Pendekatan holistik untuk perlindungan optimal. Jurnal Hukum Keluarga Islam, 9(2), 178–195.
- Hadi, S. (2023). Labor laws and child protection: Balancing economic and social rights. In Proceedings of the International Labor Law Conference (pp. 123–136). University of the Philippines Press.
- Hadjon, P. M. (2022). Perlindungan hukum bagi rakyat Indonesia (4th ed.). Bina Ilmu.
- Hamid, A. R. (2024). Problematika penetapan batas usia dewasa dalam hukum pidana Indonesia. Jurnal Hukum Pidana dan Kriminologi, 15(1), 89–107.
- Hamzah, A. (2023). Asas-asas hukum pidana (8th ed.). Rineka Cipta.
- Handayani, S. (2023). Analisis yuridis batas minimal usia perkawinan menurut hukum Islam dan hukum positif. Al-Ahwal: Jurnal Hukum Keluarga Islam, 16(3), 234–251.
- Hanson, K., & Nieuwenhuys, O. (2023). Living rights, social justice and translations of childhood. Childhood, 30(2), 234–251.
- Hastuti, D. (2023). Perlindungan anak dalam perspektif hukum Islam dan hukum nasional: Studi komparatif. Jurnal Studi Islam, 22(4), 412–429.
- Huda, N. (2024). Hukum tata negara Indonesia (11th ed.). RajaGrafindo Persada.
- Husaini, A. (2024). Batasan umur kedewasaan dalam fiqh dan implementasinya dalam hukum positif Indonesia. Jurnal Syariah dan Hukum, 14(2), 156–173.
- Husni, L. (2022). Pengantar hukum ketenagakerjaan (7th ed.). RajaGrafindo Persada.
- Ibrahim, J. (2021). Teori dan metodologi penelitian hukum normatif (3rd ed.). Bayumedia Publishing.
- Indrati, M. F. (2024). Harmonisasi peraturan perundang-undangan: Teori dan praktik di Indonesia. Jurnal Legislasi Indonesia, 21(1), 67–84.
- Iskandar, Z. (2024). Constitutional aspects of children's rights in Indonesia. In Proceedings of the Constitutional Law Symposium (pp. 298–311). Universitas Indonesia Press.
- James, A. (2023). Childhood identities: Self and social relationships in child experience. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 64(5), 678–695.
- Kansil, C. S. T. (2023). Pengantar ilmu hukum dan tata hukum Indonesia (15th ed.). Balai Pustaka.
- Kartika, E. D. (2023). Tinjauan yuridis terhadap batas minimum usia perkawinan dalam undang-undang perkawinan terbaru. Jurnal Hukum Keluarga, 8(3), 289–306.
- Kilkelly, U. (2023). Youth justice and children's rights: Measuring compliance with international standards. European Journal of Crime, Criminal Law and Criminal Justice, 31(3), 289–306.
- Kurniawan, E. (2023). Administrative law and children's participation rights. In Proceedings of the International Administrative Law Conference (pp. 178–191). Universitas Airlangga Press.
- Lansdown, G. (2023). Children's rights and the law: International perspectives on evolving capacities. International Journal of Law, Policy and the Family, 37(2), 167–184.
- Latif, A. (2024). Peran Mahkamah Konstitusi dalam harmonisasi hukum perlindungan anak. Jurnal Konstitusi, 21(1), 123–145.
- Lestari, S. (2024). Islamic law and children's rights: Contemporary challenges. In Proceedings of the International Islamic Law Conference (pp. 245–258). UIN Syarif Hidayatullah Press.
- Maharani, D. (2023). Comparative analysis of minimum age regulations in ASEAN countries. In Proceedings of the ASEAN Youth Development Conference (pp. 89–102). University of Malaya Press.
- Manan, B. (2024). Konsistensi regulasi dalam sistem hukum Indonesia: Tantangan dan solusi. Jurnal Hukum dan Pembangunan, 54(2), 334–351.
- Marshall, K. (2024). Children's rights in the balance: The participation-protection debate. International Journal of Children's Rights, 32(1), 89–107.
- Marzuki, P. M. (2024). Penelitian hukum (Rev. ed.). Kencana.
- Mertokusumo, S. (2022). Mengenal hukum: Suatu pengantar (12th ed.). Liberty.
- Muladi. (2024). Celah hukum dalam perlindungan anak: Analisis kritis terhadap regulasi yang ada. Jurnal Hukum Pidana dan Kriminologi, 16(2), 201–218.
- Muladi, & Arief, B. N. (2023). Teori-teori dan kebijakan pidana (6th ed.). Alumni.
- Muncie, J. (2023). Youth justice and the politics of childhood. British Journal of Criminology, 63(4), 823–840.
- Nasution, B. (2024). Harmonisasi hukum sebagai upaya perlindungan anak yang komprehensif. Law Reform Journal, 18(3), 445–462.
- Nugroho, B. (2024). Family law reform and children's welfare. In Proceedings of the International Family Law Conference (pp. 334–347). Universitas Padjadjaran Press.
- Piper, C. (2023). Assumptions about children's best interests. Journal of Social Welfare and Family Law, 45(2), 178–195.
- Prinst, D. (2021). Hukum anak Indonesia (4th ed.). Citra Aditya Bakti.
- Prinst, D. (2024). Kepentingan terbaik anak sebagai prinsip utama dalam reformasi hukum anak. Varia Peradilan, 39(464), 567–584.
- Quennerstedt, A. (2023). Children's rights research moving into the future: Challenges and possibilities. International Journal of Children's Rights, 31(3), 456–473.
- Rahardjo, S. (2023). Ilmu hukum (9th ed.). Citra Aditya Bakti.
- Rahayu, D. K. (2024). Implementasi kebijakan perlindungan anak: Tantangan koordinasi lintas sektor. Jurnal Administrasi Publik, 24(4), 378–395.
- Rahman, A. (2023). Child welfare policies in developing countries: Lessons from Indonesia. In Proceedings of the International Development Conference (pp. 456–469). Bappenas Press.
- Reynaert, D., Bouverne-de-Bie, M., & Vandevelde, S. (2023). A review of children's rights literature since the adoption of the United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child. Childhood, 30(3), 367–384.
- Saleh, R. (2022). Pikiran-pikiran tentang pertanggungjawaban pidana (5th ed.). Ghalia Indonesia.
- Santoso, A. (2024). Reformasi hukum perlindungan anak: Menuju sistem hukum yang terpadu. Constitutional Review, 12(3), 512–529.
- Sari, I. P. (2024). Analisis yuridis ketidakkonsistenan batasan umur anak dalam peraturan perundang-undangan. Indonesian Law Review, 15(2), 234–251.
- Sartono, A. (2024). Juvenile justice system reform: Indonesian perspective. In Proceedings of the International Conference on Juvenile Justice (pp. 201–214). Universitas Diponegoro Press.
- Siahaan, M. (2024). Hak konstitusional anak dalam perspektif UUD 1945. Jurnal Konstitusi, 21(3), 189–206.
- Soekanto, S. (2024). Pengantar penelitian hukum (18th ed.). UI Press.
- Soekanto, S., & Mamudji, S. (2023). Penelitian hukum normatif: Suatu tinjauan singkat (16th ed.). RajaGrafindo Persada.
- Subekti, R. (2024). Pokok-pokok hukum perdata (35th ed.). Intermasa.
- Wahyuni, S. (2024). Paradoks hukum dalam definisi kedewasaan: Studi kasus implementasi regulasi anak di Indonesia. Jurnal Konstitusi, 22(1), 345–362.
- Widodo, J. (2023). Legal pluralism and children's rights in Indonesia. In Proceedings of the International Conference on Legal Pluralism (pp. 367–380). Universitas Pancasila Press.
References
Abdillah, M. (2023). Harmonisasi hukum anak Indonesia: Tantangan dan peluang. In Proceedings of the International Conference on Law and Justice (pp. 234–245). Universitas Indonesia Press.
Abdussalam, H. R., & Desasfuryanto, A. (2021). Hukum perlindungan anak. PTIK Press.
Andriani, T. (2023). Sistem peradilan pidana anak di Indonesia: Perlindungan hak-hak anak dalam proses peradilan. Jurnal Legislasi Indonesia, 20(3), 245–262.
Anwar, C. (2023). Child protection laws in Southeast Asia: A comparative study. In Proceedings of the ASEAN Law Conference 2023 (pp. 156–169). ASEAN Legal Studies Institute.
Archard, D. (2023). Children's rights and the best interests principle. International Journal of Children's Rights, 31(4), 789–812.
Arief, B. N. (2022). Bunga rampai kebijakan hukum pidana: Perkembangan penyusunan konsep KUHP baru (3rd ed.). Kencana.
Asikin, Z., & Mahendra, W. P. (2023). Pengantar hukum perburuhan (5th ed.). RajaGrafindo Persada.
Asshiddiqie, J. (2023). Konstitusi dan harmonisasi hukum nasional dalam era reformasi. Jurnal Konstitusi, 20(2), 187–208.
Breen, C. (2023). Age of criminal responsibility and child justice reform: A comparative analysis. Youth Justice, 23(2), 156–174.
Budiman, A. (2024). Implementation of children's rights in Indonesian legal system. In Proceedings of the International Symposium on Human Rights (pp. 345–358). UGM Press.
Dewi, R. (2023). Gender perspectives in child marriage laws: Indonesian experience. In Proceedings of the International Conference on Gender and Law (pp. 189–202). Universitas Udayana Press.
Djamil, M. N. (2020). Anak bukan untuk dihukum: Catatan pembahasan UU sistem peradilan pidana anak (2nd ed.). Sinar Grafika.
Effendi, M. (2024). Harmonisasi hukum perlindungan anak di Indonesia: Urgensi unifikasi standar umur. Jurnal Hukum dan Keadilan, 11(4), 345–368.
Fauzi, A. (2024). Criminal justice system for children: Indonesian reform and international standards. In Proceedings of the Asia-Pacific Conference on Criminal Justice (pp. 267–280). Chulalongkorn University Press.
Freeman, M. (2023). The sociology of childhood and children's rights. Children & Society, 37(3), 445–462.
Gultom, M. (2021). Perlindungan hukum terhadap anak dalam sistem peradilan pidana anak di Indonesia (Rev. ed.). Refika Aditama.
Gultom, M. (2024). Reformasi hukum anak Indonesia: Pendekatan holistik untuk perlindungan optimal. Jurnal Hukum Keluarga Islam, 9(2), 178–195.
Hadi, S. (2023). Labor laws and child protection: Balancing economic and social rights. In Proceedings of the International Labor Law Conference (pp. 123–136). University of the Philippines Press.
Hadjon, P. M. (2022). Perlindungan hukum bagi rakyat Indonesia (4th ed.). Bina Ilmu.
Hamid, A. R. (2024). Problematika penetapan batas usia dewasa dalam hukum pidana Indonesia. Jurnal Hukum Pidana dan Kriminologi, 15(1), 89–107.
Hamzah, A. (2023). Asas-asas hukum pidana (8th ed.). Rineka Cipta.
Handayani, S. (2023). Analisis yuridis batas minimal usia perkawinan menurut hukum Islam dan hukum positif. Al-Ahwal: Jurnal Hukum Keluarga Islam, 16(3), 234–251.
Hanson, K., & Nieuwenhuys, O. (2023). Living rights, social justice and translations of childhood. Childhood, 30(2), 234–251.
Hastuti, D. (2023). Perlindungan anak dalam perspektif hukum Islam dan hukum nasional: Studi komparatif. Jurnal Studi Islam, 22(4), 412–429.
Huda, N. (2024). Hukum tata negara Indonesia (11th ed.). RajaGrafindo Persada.
Husaini, A. (2024). Batasan umur kedewasaan dalam fiqh dan implementasinya dalam hukum positif Indonesia. Jurnal Syariah dan Hukum, 14(2), 156–173.
Husni, L. (2022). Pengantar hukum ketenagakerjaan (7th ed.). RajaGrafindo Persada.
Ibrahim, J. (2021). Teori dan metodologi penelitian hukum normatif (3rd ed.). Bayumedia Publishing.
Indrati, M. F. (2024). Harmonisasi peraturan perundang-undangan: Teori dan praktik di Indonesia. Jurnal Legislasi Indonesia, 21(1), 67–84.
Iskandar, Z. (2024). Constitutional aspects of children's rights in Indonesia. In Proceedings of the Constitutional Law Symposium (pp. 298–311). Universitas Indonesia Press.
James, A. (2023). Childhood identities: Self and social relationships in child experience. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 64(5), 678–695.
Kansil, C. S. T. (2023). Pengantar ilmu hukum dan tata hukum Indonesia (15th ed.). Balai Pustaka.
Kartika, E. D. (2023). Tinjauan yuridis terhadap batas minimum usia perkawinan dalam undang-undang perkawinan terbaru. Jurnal Hukum Keluarga, 8(3), 289–306.
Kilkelly, U. (2023). Youth justice and children's rights: Measuring compliance with international standards. European Journal of Crime, Criminal Law and Criminal Justice, 31(3), 289–306.
Kurniawan, E. (2023). Administrative law and children's participation rights. In Proceedings of the International Administrative Law Conference (pp. 178–191). Universitas Airlangga Press.
Lansdown, G. (2023). Children's rights and the law: International perspectives on evolving capacities. International Journal of Law, Policy and the Family, 37(2), 167–184.
Latif, A. (2024). Peran Mahkamah Konstitusi dalam harmonisasi hukum perlindungan anak. Jurnal Konstitusi, 21(1), 123–145.
Lestari, S. (2024). Islamic law and children's rights: Contemporary challenges. In Proceedings of the International Islamic Law Conference (pp. 245–258). UIN Syarif Hidayatullah Press.
Maharani, D. (2023). Comparative analysis of minimum age regulations in ASEAN countries. In Proceedings of the ASEAN Youth Development Conference (pp. 89–102). University of Malaya Press.
Manan, B. (2024). Konsistensi regulasi dalam sistem hukum Indonesia: Tantangan dan solusi. Jurnal Hukum dan Pembangunan, 54(2), 334–351.
Marshall, K. (2024). Children's rights in the balance: The participation-protection debate. International Journal of Children's Rights, 32(1), 89–107.
Marzuki, P. M. (2024). Penelitian hukum (Rev. ed.). Kencana.
Mertokusumo, S. (2022). Mengenal hukum: Suatu pengantar (12th ed.). Liberty.
Muladi. (2024). Celah hukum dalam perlindungan anak: Analisis kritis terhadap regulasi yang ada. Jurnal Hukum Pidana dan Kriminologi, 16(2), 201–218.
Muladi, & Arief, B. N. (2023). Teori-teori dan kebijakan pidana (6th ed.). Alumni.
Muncie, J. (2023). Youth justice and the politics of childhood. British Journal of Criminology, 63(4), 823–840.
Nasution, B. (2024). Harmonisasi hukum sebagai upaya perlindungan anak yang komprehensif. Law Reform Journal, 18(3), 445–462.
Nugroho, B. (2024). Family law reform and children's welfare. In Proceedings of the International Family Law Conference (pp. 334–347). Universitas Padjadjaran Press.
Piper, C. (2023). Assumptions about children's best interests. Journal of Social Welfare and Family Law, 45(2), 178–195.
Prinst, D. (2021). Hukum anak Indonesia (4th ed.). Citra Aditya Bakti.
Prinst, D. (2024). Kepentingan terbaik anak sebagai prinsip utama dalam reformasi hukum anak. Varia Peradilan, 39(464), 567–584.
Quennerstedt, A. (2023). Children's rights research moving into the future: Challenges and possibilities. International Journal of Children's Rights, 31(3), 456–473.
Rahardjo, S. (2023). Ilmu hukum (9th ed.). Citra Aditya Bakti.
Rahayu, D. K. (2024). Implementasi kebijakan perlindungan anak: Tantangan koordinasi lintas sektor. Jurnal Administrasi Publik, 24(4), 378–395.
Rahman, A. (2023). Child welfare policies in developing countries: Lessons from Indonesia. In Proceedings of the International Development Conference (pp. 456–469). Bappenas Press.
Reynaert, D., Bouverne-de-Bie, M., & Vandevelde, S. (2023). A review of children's rights literature since the adoption of the United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child. Childhood, 30(3), 367–384.
Saleh, R. (2022). Pikiran-pikiran tentang pertanggungjawaban pidana (5th ed.). Ghalia Indonesia.
Santoso, A. (2024). Reformasi hukum perlindungan anak: Menuju sistem hukum yang terpadu. Constitutional Review, 12(3), 512–529.
Sari, I. P. (2024). Analisis yuridis ketidakkonsistenan batasan umur anak dalam peraturan perundang-undangan. Indonesian Law Review, 15(2), 234–251.
Sartono, A. (2024). Juvenile justice system reform: Indonesian perspective. In Proceedings of the International Conference on Juvenile Justice (pp. 201–214). Universitas Diponegoro Press.
Siahaan, M. (2024). Hak konstitusional anak dalam perspektif UUD 1945. Jurnal Konstitusi, 21(3), 189–206.
Soekanto, S. (2024). Pengantar penelitian hukum (18th ed.). UI Press.
Soekanto, S., & Mamudji, S. (2023). Penelitian hukum normatif: Suatu tinjauan singkat (16th ed.). RajaGrafindo Persada.
Subekti, R. (2024). Pokok-pokok hukum perdata (35th ed.). Intermasa.
Wahyuni, S. (2024). Paradoks hukum dalam definisi kedewasaan: Studi kasus implementasi regulasi anak di Indonesia. Jurnal Konstitusi, 22(1), 345–362.
Widodo, J. (2023). Legal pluralism and children's rights in Indonesia. In Proceedings of the International Conference on Legal Pluralism (pp. 367–380). Universitas Pancasila Press.
