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Abstract
This article examines the phenomenon of noodweer (self-defence) in cases of violent theft triggered by public distrust of police performance. The main research problem concerns how distrust in law enforcement institutions encourages acts of self-defence that may exceed legal boundaries, as well as its implications for justice. This study aims to analyse the phenomenon from a criminological perspective, particularly in relation to secondary victimisation and the erosion of retributive justice. This research employs a qualitative approach through an in-depth and analytical literature review, drawing on peer-reviewed scientific journals, academic books, and legislation. The analysis applies a legal-criminological approach and thematic analysis to identify patterns and conceptual relationships among the examined variables. The findings indicate that the failure of police institutions to provide protection and a sense of security contributes to the emergence of secondary victimisation and encourages individuals or communities to act outside the legal framework. The decline in public trust in the police also blurs perceptions of retributive justice. Furthermore, a comparison of responses across different regions shows that the level of public trust and the effectiveness of law enforcement are key factors in the emergence of this phenomenon. The contribution of this study lies in strengthening the conceptual analysis of the relationship between noodweer, public distrust, and the crisis of legal legitimacy. It also offers recommendations for enhancing police professionalism, accountability, and transparency, reviewing debt collection regulations, and developing alternative dispute resolution mechanisms to sustainably rebuild public trust.
[Artikel ini mengkaji fenomena noodweer (pembelaan diri) dalam kasus pencurian dengan kekerasan yang dipicu oleh ketidakpercayaan publik terhadap kinerja kepolisian. Permasalahan utama dalam penelitian ini adalah bagaimana ketidakpercayaan terhadap aparat penegak hukum mendorong munculnya tindakan pembelaan diri yang berpotensi melampaui batas hukum, serta implikasinya terhadap keadilan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis fenomena tersebut dari perspektif kriminologis, khususnya dalam kaitannya dengan viktimisasi sekunder dan erosi keadilan retributif. Metode yang digunakan adalah pendekatan kualitatif melalui studi literatur mendalam dan analitis, dengan memanfaatkan sumber berupa jurnal ilmiah bereputasi, buku akademik, serta peraturan perundang-undangan. Analisis dilakukan dengan pendekatan hukum-kriminologis dan analisis tematik untuk mengidentifikasi pola serta hubungan konseptual antarvariabel yang dikaji. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa kegagalan institusi kepolisian dalam memberikan perlindungan dan rasa aman berkontribusi pada munculnya viktimisasi sekunder, serta mendorong masyarakat atau individu untuk bertindak di luar kerangka hukum. Penurunan kepercayaan publik terhadap kepolisian juga terbukti mengaburkan persepsi terhadap keadilan retributif. Selain itu, perbandingan respons di berbagai daerah menunjukkan bahwa tingkat kepercayaan publik dan efektivitas penegakan hukum menjadi faktor kunci dalam munculnya fenomena ini. Kontribusi penelitian ini terletak pada penguatan analisis konseptual mengenai hubungan antara noodweer, ketidakpercayaan publik, dan krisis legitimasi hukum, serta memberikan rekomendasi berupa penguatan profesionalisme, akuntabilitas, dan transparansi kepolisian, peninjauan regulasi penagihan utang, serta pengembangan mekanisme penyelesaian sengketa alternatif guna membangun kembali kepercayaan publik secara berkelanjutan.]
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References
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References
Agnew, R. (1992). Foundation for a general strain theory of crime and delinquency. Criminology, 30(1), 47–88.
Al Ayyubi, S. (2025). Polda Jatim Tangkap Ratusan Preman, Debt Collector hingga Gengster. Bisnis.Com. https://surabaya.bisnis.com/read/20250510/531/1876026/polda-jatim-tangkap-ratusan-preman-debt-collector-hingga-gengster
Bowling, B., Reiner, R., & Sheptycki, J. W. E. (2019). The politics of the police. Oxford University Press.
Hirschi, T. (2017). Causes of delinquency. Routledge.
Hough, M., Jackson, J., & Bradford, B. (2013). The governance of criminal justice, legitimacy and trust. Hough, M., Jackson, J. and Bradford, B.,‘The Governance of Criminal Justice, Legitimacy and Trust’, in Body-Gendrot, S., Lévy, R., Hough, M. Snacken, S. and Kerezsi, K. The Routledge Handbook of European Criminology, Oxon: Routledge.
Hough, M., Jackson, J., & Bradford, B. (2017). Policing, procedural justice and prevention. In Handbook of crime prevention and community safety (pp. 274–293). Routledge.
Jones, M., & Johnstone, P. (2011). History of criminal justice. Routledge.
Merton, R. K. (2017). Social structure and anomie. In Gangs (pp. 3–13). Routledge.
Ni Made Indah Gayatri, G. M. S. (2024). Teori Krimonologi dalam Memecahkan Kejahatan Pencurian Beserta Kekerasan yang Dilakukan Secara Berlanjut (Pasal 365 KUHP). Jurnal Media Akademik, 2(10), 2–20.
Nurmutia, E. (2025). Kronologi Lengkap Mata Elang Dikeroyok Sampai Tewas, Cek 7 Faktanya. CNBC Indonesia.
Reiner, R. (2010). The politics of the police. Oxford University Press, USA.
Skogan, W. G. (2006). Asymmetry in the impact of encounters with police. Policing & Society, 16(02), 99–126.
Sulivan, R. (2025). Diduga Ada Intimidasi Debt Collector, Warga Deli serdang Cari Keadilan di Polda Sumut. Suarapecari.Com. https://suarapecari.com/berita/SP-2025100425442/diduga-ada-intimidasi-debt-collector-warga-deli-serdang-cari-keadilan-di-polda-sumut/
Sullivan, D., & Tifft, L. (2007). Handbook of restorative justice: A global perspective. Routledge.
Sunshine, J., & Tyler, T. R. (2003). The role of procedural justice and legitimacy in shaping public support for policing. Law & Society Review, 37(3), 513–547.
Tyler, T. R. (1988). What Is Procedural Justice: Criteria Used in Making Judgments of Fairness. Law and Society Review, 22(1), 101–135.
Tyler, T. R. (1990). Why People Obey the Law (I). Princeton University Press.
Von Hirsch, A. (1992). Proportionality in the Philosophy of Punishment. Crime and Justice, 16, 55–98.
Von Hirsch, A. (2005). Punishment, penance and the state: A reply to Duff. In Debates in Contemporary Political Philosophy (pp. 418–432). Routledge.
Walklate, S. (2012). Handbook of victims and victimology. Routledge.
