Dispensasi Nikah dan Paradoks Kawin Anak di Madura: Studi Tentang Dampak Regulasi Terhadap Praktik Perkawinan Anak

Abstract

This study examines the relationship between marriage dispensation regulations and child marriage practices in Madura, focusing on the impact of regulations on social, cultural, and economic dynamics. Using a mixed-methods approach based on explanatory sequential design, this study integrates quantitative and qualitative analysis. Quantitative results show a significant relationship between the implementation of marriage dispensation regulations and social, cultural, and economic dynamics (r = 0.849). The variable of community understanding (X1) has a significant influence on child marriage practices (Y1) with a correlation of 0.724, while the process of applying for dispensation (X2) shows a relationship with Y1 (r = 0.722) and Y2 (r = 0.726). Regression analysis shows that X1 has the most influence on Y1 (? = 0.395), while X3 has the greatest influence on Y2 (? = 0.580) followed by X1 (? = 0.203), and X2 (? = 0.164). The negative constant of -2.699 indicates that other factors also contribute. Qualitative results reveal that the regulation of marriage dispensation in Madura shows a complex implementation paradox. Although designed to protect children, it is actually perceived as an instrument of legalizing child marriage due to the dominance of cultural norms and religious beliefs, based on the analysis of Berger & Luckmann's social construction theory. Foucault's Genealogy of Power perspective also shows that formal institutions such as the Religious Court are inseparable from the influence of local authorities, reinforcing patriarchal norms which in Nawal el-Saadawi's feminist perspective sacrifice girls' rights to education, health, and economic welfare. The practice of child marriage is often seen as a solution to the family's economy, but ultimately worsens gender inequality and the cycle of poverty. This study concludes that without comprehensive social and economic-based interventions, formal regulations only prolong the social, cultural, and economic dilemmas, while maintaining the sustainability of the practice of child marriage in Madura.

[Penelitian ini mengkaji hubungan antara regulasi dispensasi nikah dan praktik kawin anak di Madura, dengan fokus pada dampak regulasi terhadap dinamika sosial, budaya, dan ekonomi. Dengan menggunakan pendekatan mixed-methods berbasis desain explanatory sequential, penelitian ini mengintegrasikan analisis kuantitatif dan kualitatif. Hasil kuantitatif menunjukkan hubungan signifikan antara penerapan regulasi dispensasi nikah dan dinamika sosial, budaya, serta ekonomi (r = 0.849). Variabel pemahaman masyarakat (X1) memiliki pengaruh signifikan terhadap praktik kawin anak (Y1) dengan korelasi sebesar 0.724, sementara proses pengajuan dispensasi (X2) menunjukkan hubungan dengan Y1 (r = 0.722) dan Y2 (r = 0.726). Analisis regresi menunjukkan bahwa X1 paling berpengaruh terhadap Y1 (? = 0.395), sedangkan X3 memiliki pengaruh terbesar terhadap Y2 (? = 0.580) diikuti X1 (? = 0.203), dan X2 (? = 0.164). Konstanta negatif sebesar -2,699 mengindikasikan adanya faktor-faktor lain yang juga berkontribusi. Hasil kualitatif mengungkapkan bahwa regulasi dispensasi nikah di Madura menunjukkan paradoks implementasi yang kompleks. Meski dirancang untuk melindungi anak, justru dipersepsikan sebagai instrumen legalisasi kawin anak karena dominasi norma budaya dan keyakinan agama, berdasarkan analisi teori konstruksi sosial Berger & Luckmann. Perspektif Genealogi Kekuasaan Foucault juga menunjukkan bahwa institusi formal seperti Pengadilan Agama tidak terlepas dari pengaruh otoritas lokal, memperkuat norma patriarkal yang dalam perspektif feminis Nawal el-Saadawi mengorbankan hak anak perempuan dalam pendidikan, kesehatan, dan kesejahteraan ekonomi. Praktik kawin anak sering dilihat sebagai solusi ekonomi keluarga, namun pada akhirnya memperburuk ketimpangan gender dan siklus kemiskinan. Penelitian ini menyimpulkan bahwa tanpa intervensi berbasis sosial dan ekonomi yang komprehensif, regulasi formal hanya memperpanjang dilema sosial, budaya, dan ekonomi, sekaligus mempertahankan keberlanjutan praktik kawin anak di Madura].